Their results are published today in Cell 1. One possibility is that the proteins are damaged and begin to unfold, exposing 'sticky' amino acids that were once buried deep inside the protein. When those molecules become exposed, they interact with similar amino acids on other damaged proteins, eventually forming intractable, non-functional globules.
Jakob likens the process to boiling an egg: heat from the boiling water causes protein in the gooey egg whites to unfold and aggregate, gradually becoming solid. Instead, cells use Hsp33 to prevent the aggregation from occurring by refolding proteins before they clump together. In fact, Hsp33 becomes more active when cells are exposed to hypochlorous acid. When bleach reacts with some of this protein's amino acids, Hsp33 partly unfolds and assumes an active structure.
This is unusual: unfolding renders most proteins non-functional, yet for Hsp33 the process acts as switch to turn the protein on. Another bacterial chaperone protein called HdeA is also activated by partly falling apart under very acidic conditions 2 , and Jakob expects that researchers may find more examples of this counterintuitive stress response in the future. But why would E. The answer to that question could be that hypochlorous acid occurs naturally as well.
Immune cells called neutrophils, for example, produce the acid to kill bacteria that they have engulfed. However, this does not quite account for E. Jakob notes that one study suggests the acid may limit the growth of bacteria in insect guts 3 , and says that there could be other naturally occurring sources that have not yet been identified. Meanwhile, the study does not rule out the possibility that bleach could have other modes of action.
It is known, for instance, that bleach can react with the molecules that make up membranes. If this occurs in living cells, it could cause the membranes to rupture, killing the cell. But protein unfolding and aggregation seem to be an important part of the picture, filling in details that have long been missing.
Winter, J. Cell , — Article Google Scholar. Hong, W. Google Scholar. Ha, E. Bleach converts soils into colorless, soluble particles which are easily removed by detergents, then carried away in the wash water.
Bleach can also brighten and whiten fabrics and help remove stubborn stains. Sodium hypochlorite bleaches also called chlorine or liquid household bleach are the more powerful laundry bleaches; they disinfect, as well as clean and whiten.
They work on many whites and colorfast washables - but not on wools or silks. Oxygen color-safe bleaches are gentler, working safely on all washable fabrics. They work best in maintaining whiteness, not in restoring it. For Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach , read the label and dilute as directed. For best results, add 5 minutes after the wash cycle has begun to agitate in order to avoid destroying enzymes and fluorescent whiteners in the detergent. For Oxygen Bleach , add directly to the wash water before the clothes are added.
Do not pour powdered bleach directly on wet clothes. Oxygen bleaches are most effective in warm-to-hot water. Mix the soaking agent with water, and then add the item.
Minimum soaking time is 30 minutes; longer, as much as overnight, may be necessary. Read the Label: Check the garment label before laundering; some fabrics cannot be washed using liquid household bleach sodium hypochlorite.
If liquid household bleach is not recommended, you can use a color-safe oxygen bleach to help remove stains and odors. Also read the cleaning product label. If bleach gets into the eyes, the person should first flush the eyes with water and then seek medical attention. When mixed with other chemicals in household cleaning products, bleach can produce a toxic gas called chloramine. Chloramine gas can be hazardous and even fatal. Anyone who has exposure to chloramine should therefore speak to a doctor.
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Effects by body area What to do Seeing a doctor Safety tips Alternatives Summary Bleach is a common household product that many people use for cleaning and disinfecting. Effects on the skin and other body areas. Share on Pinterest If a person gets bleach on their skin, they can try washing the area with mild soap and water. What to do for bleach exposure.
When to see a doctor. Tips for using bleach safely.
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