In areas such as Pakistan, early cases of eating disorders were surfacing in the s as well, even with malnutrition in some areas of the country, as well as the female idea of being robust, which historically was associated with wealth and authority [1]. Historically Pakistan has been a conservative closed society with low exposure to Western media, fashion, and advertising.
In the past several decades, Pakistan has seen increasing industrialization and urbanization. Studies from showed that media exposure correlates with negative body image and dissatisfaction in both males and females [1].
In , another study by Pike and colleagues found that in Arab and Asian countries, eating disorders are increasing with the rise of industrialization and urbanization within those regions [2]. In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that over 1.
In a study which looked at the effect of social media , such as Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram and the influence for eating disorders, it looked at women and found that even after 20 minutes of social media use, it significantly increased their risk for eating disorders [5].
In India, prior to , there was very little publications or reports of eating disorders. In the last 15 years, eating disorders have been on the rise, up to 10 times higher than in previous decades [6]. Studies are showing that girls as young as 10 years when shown photos of slim, fit women, report the women in the photos as being overweight [6].
In Africa, over school aged girls were studied to see about prevalence rates of eating disorders in Ghana [9]. Girls were assessed using a mental and physical health exam and completing the Eating Attitudes Test as well as the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh.
These beliefs included ideas of self-control and denial of hunger but did not include concerns about body weight or shape [9]. In a more recent study, the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that females aged 10 to 14 years had a negative body image.
There are various factors for the rise of eating disorders around the world. These factors include urbanization, industrialization, media influence, westernization, and socio-cultural and gender role shifts. Globally, countries are becoming more urban, which is driven by industrialization due to increased population growth. Gordon, M. Advisory Boards and Groups Read about the boards and groups that advise and provide guidance to the Institute. Share Page. Eating Disorders.
Definitions Binge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes during which a person feels a loss of control and marked distress over his or her eating. Unlike bulimia nervosa, binge eating episodes are not followed by purging, excessive exercise or fasting.
As a result, people with binge eating disorder often are overweight or obese. Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating eating large amounts of food in a short time, along with the sense of a loss of control followed by a type of behavior that compensates for the binge, such as purging e. Unlike anorexia nervosa, people with bulimia can fall within the normal range for their weight.
But like people with anorexia, they often fear gaining weight, want desperately to lose weight, and are intensely unhappy with their body size and shape. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a significant and persistent reduction in food intake leading to extremely low body weight in the context of age, sex, and physical health; a relentless pursuit of thinness; a distortion of body image and intense fear of gaining weight; and extremely disturbed eating behavior.
Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight, even when they are starved or severely malnourished. Age of Onset Based on diagnostic interview data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication NCS-R , median age of onset was 21 years-old for binge eating disorder and 18 years-old for both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. The overall prevalence of binge eating disorder was 1. Prevalence of binge eating disorder was twice as high among females 1.
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